Link to this page using this URL:http://urlbam.com/ha/azzVaccines and Medical Experiments on Children, Minorities, Woman and Inmates (1845 - 2007)See
New Study: Diseases Declined Long Before Related Vaccines Implementedby Mike Adams
Think U.S. health authorities have never conducted outrageous medical
experiments on children, women, minorities, homosexuals and inmates? Think
again: This timeline, originally put together by Dani Veracity (a
NaturalNews reporter), has been edited and updated with recent vaccination
experimentation programs in Maryland and New Jersey. Here's what's really
happening in the United States when it comes to exploiting the public for
medical experimentation:
(1845 - 1849)
J. Marion Sims, later hailed as the "father of gynecology,"
performs medical experiments on enslaved African women without anesthesia.
These women would usually die of infection soon after surgery. Based on his
belief that the movement of newborns' skull bones during protracted births
causes trismus, he also uses a shoemaker's awl, a pointed tool shoemakers
use to make holes in leather, to practice moving the skull bones of babies
born to enslaved mothers (Brinker).
(1895)
New York pediatrician Henry Heiman infects a 4-year-old boy whom he calls
"an idiot with chronic epilepsy" with gonorrhea as part of a medical
experiment ("Human Experimentation: Before the Nazi Era and After").
(1896)
Dr. Arthur Wentworth turns 29 children at Boston's Children's Hospital
into human guinea pigs when he performs spinal taps on them, just to test
whether the procedure is harmful (Sharav).
(1906)
Harvard professor Dr. Richard Strong infects prisoners in the Philippines
with cholera to study the disease; 13 of them die. He compensates survivors
with cigars and cigarettes. During the Nuremberg Trials, Nazi doctors cite
this study to justify their own medical experiments (Greger, Sharav).
(1911)
Dr. Hideyo Noguchi of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
publishes data on injecting an inactive syphilis preparation into the skin
of 146 hospital patients and normal children in an attempt to develop a skin
test for syphilis. Later, in 1913, several of these children's parents sue
Dr. Noguchi for allegedly infecting their children with syphilis ("Reviews
and Notes: History of Medicine: Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation
in America before the Second World War").
(1913)
Medical experimenters "test" 15 children at the children's home St.
Vincent's House in Philadelphia with tuberculin, resulting in permanent
blindness in some of the children. Though the Pennsylvania House of
Representatives records the incident, the researchers are not punished for
the experiments ("Human Experimentation: Before the Nazi Era and After").
(1915)
Dr. Joseph Goldberger, under order of the U.S. Public Health Office,
produces Pellagra, a debilitating disease that affects the central nervous
system, in 12 Mississippi inmates to try to find a cure for the disease. One
test subject later says that he had been through "a thousand hells." In
1935, after millions die from the disease, the director of the U.S Public
Health Office would finally admit that officials had known that it was
caused by a niacin deficiency for some time, but did nothing about it
because it mostly affected poor African-Americans. During the Nuremberg
Trials, Nazi doctors used this study to try to justify their medical
experiments on concentration camp inmates (Greger; Cockburn and St. Clair,
eds.).
(1932-1972)
The U.S. Public Health Service in Tuskegee, Ala. diagnoses 400
poor, black sharecroppers with syphilis but never tells them of their
illness nor treats them; instead researchers use the men as human guinea
pigs to follow the symptoms and progression of the disease. They all
eventually die from syphilis and their families are never told that they
could have been treated (Goliszek, University of Virginia Health System
Health Sciences Library).
(1939)
In order to test his theory on the roots of stuttering, prominent speech
pathologist Dr. Wendell Johnson performs his famous "Monster Experiment" on
22 children at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport. Dr. Johnson
and his graduate students put the children under intense psychological
pressure, causing them to switch from speaking normally to stuttering
heavily. At the time, some of the students reportedly warn Dr. Johnson that,
"in the aftermath of World War II, observers might draw comparisons to Nazi
experiments on human subjects, which could destroy his career" (Alliance for
Human Research Protection).
(1941)
Dr. William C. Black infects a 12-month-old baby with herpes as part of a
medical experiment. At the time, the editor of the Journal of Experimental
Medicine, Francis Payton Rous, calls it "an abuse of power, an infringement
of the rights of an individual, and not excusable because the illness which
followed had implications for science" (Sharav).
An article in a 1941 issue of Archives of Pediatrics describes medical
studies of the severe gum disease Vincent's angina in which doctors transmit
the disease from sick children to healthy children with oral swabs
(Goliszek)..
Researchers give 800 poverty-stricken pregnant women at a Vanderbilt
University prenatal clinic "cocktails" including radioactive iron in order
to determine the iron requirements of pregnant women (Pacchioli).
(1942)
The Chemical Warfare Service begins mustard gas and lewisite experiments
on 4,000 members of the U.S. military. Some test subjects don't realize they
are volunteering for chemical exposure experiments, like 17-year-old Nathan
Schnurman, who in 1944 thinks he is only volunteering to test "U.S. Navy
summer clothes" (Goliszek).
Merck Pharmaceuticals President George Merck is named director of the War
Research Service (WRS), an agency designed to oversee the establishment of a
biological warfare program (Goliszek).
(1944 - 1946)
A captain in the medical corps addresses an April 1944 memo
to Col. Stanford Warren, head of the Manhattan Project's Medical Section,
expressing his concerns about atom bomb component fluoride's central nervous
system (CNS) effects and asking for animal research to be done to determine
the extent of these effects: "Clinical evidence suggests that uranium
hexafluoride may have a rather marked central nervous system effect ... It
seems most likely that the F [code for fluoride] component rather than the T
[code for uranium] is the causative factor ... Since work with these
compounds is essential, it will be necessary to know in advance what mental
effects may occur after exposure." The following year, the Manhattan Project
would begin human-based studies on fluoride's effects (Griffiths and
Bryson).
The Manhattan Project medical team, led by the now infamous University of
Rochester radiologist Col. Safford Warren, injects plutonium into patients
at the University's teaching hospital, Strong Memorial (Burton Report).
(1945)
Continuing the Manhattan Project, researchers inject plutonium into three
patients at the University of Chicago's Billings Hospital (Sharav).
The U.S. State Department, Army intelligence and the CIA begin Operation
Paperclip, offering Nazi scientists immunity and secret identities in
exchange for work on top-secret government projects on aerodynamics and
chemical warfare medicine in the United States ("Project Paperclip").
(1945 - 1955)
In Newburgh, N.Y., researchers linked to the Manhattan
Project begin the most extensive American study ever done on the health
effects of fluoridating public drinking water (Griffiths and Bryson).
(1946)
Continuing the Newburg study of 1945, the Manhattan Project commissions
the University of Rochester to study fluoride's effects on animals and
humans in a project codenamed "Program F." With the help of the New York
State Health Department, Program F researchers secretly collect and analyze
blood and tissue samples from Newburg residents. The studies are sponsored
by the Atomic Energy Commission and take place at the University of
Rochester Medical Center's Strong Memorial Hospital (Griffiths and Bryson).
(1946 - 1947)
University of Rochester researchers inject four male and two
female human test subjects with uranium-234 and uranium-235 in dosages
ranging from 6.4 to 70.7 micrograms per one kilogram of body weight in order
to study how much uranium they could tolerate before their kidneys become
damaged (Goliszek).
Six male employees of a Chicago metallurgical laboratory are given water
contaminated with plutonium-239 to drink so that researchers can learn how
plutonium is absorbed into the digestive tract (Goliszek).
Researchers begin using patients in VA hospitals as test subjects for
human medical experiments, cleverly worded as "investigations" or
"observations" in medical study reports to avoid negative connotations and
bad publicity (Sharav).
The American public finally learns of the biowarfare experiments being
done at Fort Detrick from a report released by the War Department
(Goliszek).
(1947)
Col. E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) issues a
top-secret document (707075) dated Jan. 8. In it, he writes that "certain
radioactive substances are being prepared for intravenous administration to
human subjects as a part of the work of the contract" (Goliszek).
A secret AEC document dated April 17 reads, "It is desired that no
document be released which refers to experiments with humans that might have
an adverse reaction on public opinion or result in legal suits," revealing
that the U.S. government was aware of the health risks its nuclear tests
posed to military personnel conducting the tests or nearby civilians
(Goliszek).
The CIA begins studying LSD's potential as a weapon by using military and
civilian test subjects for experiments without their consent or even
knowledge. Eventually, these LSD studies will evolve into the MKULTRA
program in 1953 (Sharav).
(1947 - 1953)
The U.S. Navy begins Project Chatter to identify and test
so-called "truth serums," such as those used by the Soviet Union to
interrogate spies. Mescaline and the central nervous system depressant
scopolamine are among the many drugs tested on human subjects (Goliszek).
(1948)
Based on the secret studies performed on Newburgh, N.Y. residents
beginning in 1945, Project F researchers publish a report in the August 1948
edition of the Journal of the American Dental Association, detailing
fluoride's health dangers. The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) quickly
censors it for "national security" reasons (Griffiths and Bryson).
(1950 - 1953)
The U.S. Army releases chemical clouds over six American and
Canadian cities. Residents in Winnipeg, Canada, where a highly toxic
chemical called cadmium is dropped, subsequently experience high rates of
respiratory illnesses (Cockburn and St. Clair, eds.).
In order to determine how susceptible an American city could be to
biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a cloud of Bacillus globigii
bacteria from ships over the San Francisco shoreline. According to
monitoring devices situated throughout the city to test the extent of
infection, the eight thousand residents of San Francisco inhale five
thousand or more bacteria particles, many becoming sick with pneumonia-like
symptoms (Goliszek).
Dr. Joseph Strokes of the University of Pennsylvania infects 200 female
prisoners with viral hepatitis to study the disease (Sharav).
Doctors at the Cleveland City Hospital study changes in cerebral blood
flow by injecting test subjects with spinal anesthesia, inserting needles in
their jugular veins and brachial arteries, tilting their heads down and,
after massive blood loss causes paralysis and fainting, measuring their
blood pressure. They often perform this experiment multiple times on the
same subject (Goliszek).
Dr. D. Ewen Cameron, later of MKULTRA infamy due to his 1957 to1964
experiments on Canadians, publishes an article in the British Journal of
Physical Medicine, in which he describes experiments that entail forcing
schizophrenic patients at Manitoba's Brandon Mental Hospital to lie naked
under 15- to 200-watt red lamps for up to eight hours per day. His other
experiments include placing mental patients in an electric cage that
overheats their internal body temperatures to 103 degrees Fahrenheit, and
inducing comas by giving patients large injections of insulin (Goliszek).
(1951)
The U.S. Army secretly contaminates the Norfolk Naval Supply Center in
Virginia and Washington, D.C.'s National Airport with a strain of bacteria
chosen because African-Americans were believed to be more susceptible to it
than Caucasians. The experiment causes food poisoning, respiratory problems
and blood poisoning (Cockburn and St. Clair, eds.).
(1951 - 1956)
Under contract with the Air Force's School of Aviation
Medicine (SAM), the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in
Houston begins studying the effects of radiation on cancer patients -- many
of them members of minority groups or indigents, according to sources -- in
order to determine both radiation's ability to treat cancer and the possible
long-term radiation effects of pilots flying nuclear-powered planes. The
study lasts until 1956, involving 263 cancer patients. Beginning in 1953,
the subjects are required to sign a waiver form, but it still does not meet
the informed consent guidelines established by the Wilson memo released that
year. The TBI studies themselves would continue at four different
institutions -- Baylor University College of Medicine, Memorial
Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, the U.S. Naval Hospital in
Bethesda and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine -- until 1971
(U.S. Department of Energy, Goliszek).
American, Canadian and British military and intelligence officials gather
a small group of eminent psychologists to a secret meeting at the
Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Montreal about Communist "thought-control techniques."
They proposed a top-secret research program on behavior modification --
involving testing drugs, hypnosis, electroshock and lobotomies on humans
(Barker).
(1952)
At the famous Sloan-Kettering Institute, Chester M. Southam injects live
cancer cells into prisoners at the Ohio State Prison to study the
progression of the disease. Half of the prisoners in this National
Institutes of Health-sponsored (NIH) study are black, awakening racial
suspicions stemming from Tuskegee, which was also an NIH-sponsored study
(Merritte, et al.).
(1953 - 1974)
The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) sponsors iodine
studies at the University of Iowa. In the first study, researchers give
pregnant women 100 to 200 microcuries of iodine-131 and then study the
women's aborted embryos in order to learn at what stage and to what extent
radioactive iodine crosses the placental barrier. In the second study,
researchers give 12 male and 13 female newborns under 36 hours old and
weighing between 5.5 and 8.5 pounds iodine-131 either orally or via
intramuscular injection, later measuring the concentration of iodine in the
newborns' thyroid glands (Goliszek).
As part of an AEC study, researchers feed 28 healthy infants at the
University of Nebraska College of Medicine iodine-131 through a gastric tube
and then test concentration of iodine in the infants' thyroid glands 24
hours later (Goliszek).
(1953 - 1957)
Eleven patients at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
are injected with uranium as part of the Manhattan Project (Sharav).
In an AEC-sponsored study at the University of Tennessee, researchers
inject healthy two- to three-day-old newborns with approximately 60 rads of
iodine-131 (Goliszek).
Newborn Daniel Burton becomes blind when physicians at Brooklyn Doctors
Hospital perform an experimental high oxygen treatment for Retrolental
Fibroplasia, a retinal disorder affecting premature infants, on him and
other premature babies. The physicians perform the experimental treatment
despite earlier studies showing that high oxygen levels cause blindness.
Testimony in Burton v. Brooklyn Doctors Hospital (452 N.Y.S.2d875) later
reveals that researchers continued to give Burton and other infants excess
oxygen even after their eyes had swelled to dangerous levels (Goliszek,
Sharav).
A 1953 article in Clinical Science describes a medical experiment in which
researchers purposely blister the abdomens of 41 children, ranging in age
from eight to 14, with cantharide in order to study how severely the
substance irritates the skin (Goliszek).
The AEC performs a series of field tests known as "Green Run," dropping
radiodine 131 and xenon 133 over the Hanford, Wash. site -- 500,000 acres
encompassing three small towns (Hanford, White Bluffs and Richland) along
the Columbia River (Sharav).
In an AEC-sponsored study to learn whether radioactive iodine affects
premature babies differently from full-term babies, researchers at Harper
Hospital in Detroit give oral doses of iodine-131 to 65 premature and
full-term infants weighing between 2.1 and 5.5 pounds (Goliszek).
(1955 - 1957)
In order to learn how cold weather affects human physiology,
researchers give a total of 200 doses of iodine-131, a radioactive tracer
that concentrates almost immediately in the thyroid gland, to 85 healthy
Eskimos and 17 Athapascan Indians living in Alaska. They study the tracer
within the body by blood, thyroid tissue, urine and saliva samples from the
test subjects. Due to the language barrier, no one tells the test subjects
what is being done to them, so there is no informed consent (Goliszek).
(1956 - 1957)
U.S. Army covert biological weapons researchers release
mosquitoes infected with yellow fever and dengue fever over Savannah, Ga.,
and Avon Park, Fla., to test the insects' ability to carry disease. After
each test, Army agents pose as public health officials to test victims for
effects and take pictures of the unwitting test subjects. These experiments
result in a high incidence of fevers, respiratory distress, stillbirths,
encephalitis and typhoid among the two cities' residents, as well as several
deaths (Cockburn and St. Clair, eds.).
(1957)
The U.S. military conducts Operation Plumbbob at the Nevada Test Site, 65
miles northwest of Las Vegas. Operation Pumbbob consists of 29 nuclear
detonations, eventually creating radiation expected to result in a total
32,000 cases of thyroid cancer among civilians in the area. Around 18,000
members of the U.S. military participate in Operation Pumbbob's Desert Rock
VII and VIII, which are designed to see how the average foot soldier
physiologically and mentally responds to a nuclear battlefield ("Operation
Plumbbob", Goliszek).
(1957 - 1964)
As part of MKULTRA, the CIA pays McGill University
Department of Psychiatry founder Dr. D. Ewen Cameron $69,000 to perform LSD
studies and potentially lethal experiments on Canadians being treated for
minor disorders like post-partum depression and anxiety at the Allan
Memorial Institute, which houses the Psychiatry Department of the Royal
Victoria Hospital in Montreal. The CIA encourages Dr. Cameron to fully
explore his "psychic driving" concept of correcting madness through
completely erasing one's memory and rewriting the psyche. These "driving"
experiments involve putting human test subjects into drug-, electroshock-
and sensory deprivation-induced vegetative states for up to three months,
and then playing tape loops of noise or simple repetitive statements for
weeks or months in order to "rewrite" the "erased" psyche. Dr. Cameron also
gives human test subjects paralytic drugs and electroconvulsive therapy 30
to 40 times, as part of his experiments. Most of Dr. Cameron's test subjects
suffer permanent damage as a result of his work (Goliszek, "Donald Ewan
Cameron").
In order to study how blood flows through children's brains, researchers
at Children's Hospital in Philadelphia perform the following experiment on
healthy children, ranging in age from three to 11: They insert needles into
each child's femoral artery (thigh) and jugular vein (neck), bringing the
blood down from the brain. Then, they force each child to inhale a special
gas through a facemask. In their subsequent Journal of Clinical
Investigation article on this study, the researchers note that, in order to
perform the experiment, they had to restrain some of the child test subjects
by bandaging them to boards (Goliszek).
(1958)
The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) drops radioactive materials over
Point Hope, Alaska, home to the Inupiats, in a field test known under the
codename "Project Chariot" (Sharav).
(1961)
In response to the Nuremberg Trials, Yale psychologist Stanley Milgram
begins his famous Obedience to Authority Study in order to answer his
question "Could it be that (Adolf) Eichmann and his million accomplices in
the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all
accomplices?" Male test subjects, ranging in age from 20 to 40 and coming
from all education backgrounds, are told to give "learners" electric shocks
for every wrong answer the learners give in response to word pair questions.
In reality, the learners are actors and are not receiving electric shocks,
but what matters is that the test subjects do not know that. Astoundingly,
they keep on following orders and continue to administer increasingly high
levels of "shocks," even after the actor learners show obvious physical pain
("Milgram Experiment").
(1962)
Researchers at the Laurel Children's Center in Maryland test experimental
acne antibiotics on children and continue their tests even after half of the
young test subjects develop severe liver damage because of the experimental
medication (Goliszek).
The FDA begins requiring that a new pharmaceutical undergo three human
clinical trials before it will approve it. From 1962 to 1980, pharmaceutical
companies satisfy this requirement by running Phase I trials, which
determine a drug's toxicity, on prison inmates, giving them small amounts of
cash for compensation (Sharav).
(1963)
Chester M. Southam, who injected Ohio State Prison inmates with live
cancer cells in 1952, performs the same procedure on 22 senile,
African-American female patients at the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease
Hospital in order to watch their immunological response. Southam tells the
patients that they are receiving "some cells," but leaves out the fact that
they are cancer cells. He claims he doesn't obtain informed consent from the
patients because he does not want to frighten them by telling them what he
is doing, but he nevertheless temporarily loses his medical license because
of it. Ironically, he eventually becomes president of the American Cancer
Society (Greger, Merritte, et al.).
Researchers at the University of Washington directly irradiate the testes
of 232 prison inmates in order to determine radiation's effects on
testicular function. When these inmates later leave prison and have
children, at least four have babies born with birth defects. The exact
number is unknown because researchers never follow up on the men to see the
long-term effects of their experiment (Goliszek).
(1963 - 1966)
New York University researcher Saul Krugman promises parents
with mentally disabled children definite enrollment into the Willowbrook
State School in Staten Island, N.Y., a resident mental institution for
mentally retarded children, in exchange for their signatures on a consent
form for procedures presented as "vaccinations." In reality, the procedures
involve deliberately infecting children with viral hepatitis by feeding them
an extract made from the feces of infected patients, so that Krugman can
study the course of viral hepatitis as well the effectiveness of a hepatitis
vaccine (Hammer Breslow).
(1963 - 1971)
Leading endocrinologist Dr. Carl Heller gives 67 prison
inmates at Oregon State Prison in Salem $5 per month and $25 per testicular
tissue biopsy in compensation for allowing him to perform irradiation
experiments on their testes. If they receive vasectomies at the end of the
study, the prisoners are given an extra $100 (Sharav, Goliszek).
Researchers inject a genetic compound called radioactive thymidine into
the testicles of more than 100 Oregon State Penitentiary inmates to learn
whether sperm production is affected by exposure to steroid hormones
(Greger).
In a study published in Pediatrics, researchers at the University of
California's Department of Pediatrics use 113 newborns ranging in age from
one hour to three days old in a series of experiments used to study changes
in blood pressure and blood flow. In one study, doctors insert a catheter
through the newborns' umbilical arteries and into their aortas and then
immerse the newborns' feet in ice water while recording aortic pressure. In
another experiment, doctors strap 50 newborns to a circumcision board, tilt
the table so that all the blood rushes to their heads and then measure their
blood pressure (Goliszek).
(1964 - 1967)
The Dow Chemical Company pays Professor Kligman $10,000 to
learn how dioxin -- a highly toxic, carcinogenic component of Agent
Orange -- and other herbicides affect human skin because workers at the
chemical plant have been developing an acne-like condition called Chloracne
and the company would like to know whether the chemicals they are handling
are to blame. As part of the study, Professor Kligman applies roughly the
amount of dioxin Dow employees are exposed to on the skin 60 prisoners, and
is disappointed when the prisoners show no symptoms of Chloracne. In 1980
and 1981, the human guinea pigs used in this study would begin suing
Professor Kligman for complications including lupus and psychological damage
(Kaye).
(1965)
As part of a test codenamed "Big Tom," the Department of Defense sprays
Oahu, Hawaii's most heavily populated island, with Bacillus globigii in
order to simulate an attack on an island complex. Bacillus globigii causes
infections in people with weakened immune systems, but this was not known to
scientists at the time (Goliszek, Martin).
(1966)
U.S. Army scientists drop light bulbs filled with Bacillus subtilis
through ventilation gates and into the New York City subway system, exposing
more than one million civilians, including women and children, to the
bacteria (Goliszek).
(1967)
The CIA places a chemical in the drinking water supply of the FDA
headquarters in Washington, D.C. to see whether it is possible to spike
drinking water with LSD and other substances (Cockburn and St. Clair, eds.).
In a study published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, researchers
inject pregnant women with radioactive cortisol to see if the radioactive
material will cross the placentas and affect the fetuses (Goliszek).
The U.S. Army pays Professor Kligman to apply skin-blistering chemicals to
Holmesburg Prison inmates' faces and backs, so as to, in Professor Kligman's
words, "learn how the skin protects itself against chronic assault from
toxic chemicals, the so-called hardening process," information which would
have both offensive and defensive applications for the U.S. military (Kaye).
Professor Kligman develops Retin-A as an acne cream (and eventually a
wrinkle cream), turning him into a multi-millionaire (Kaye).
Researchers paralyze 64 prison inmates in California with a neuromuscular
compound called succinylcholine, which produces suppressed breathing that
feels similar to drowning. When five prisoners refuse to participate in the
medical experiment, the prison's special treatment board gives researchers
permission to inject the prisoners with the drug against their will
(Greger)..
(1968)
Planned Parenthood of San Antonio and South Central Texas and the
Southwest Foundation for Research and Education begin an oral contraceptive
study on 70 poverty-stricken Mexican-American women, giving only half the
oral contraceptives they think they are receiving and the other half a
placebo. When the results of this study are released a few years later, it
stirs tremendous controversy among Mexican-Americans (Sharav, Sauter).
(1969)
Experimental drugs are tested on mentally disabled children in
Milledgeville, Ga., without any institutional approval whatsoever (Sharav).
Judge Sam Steinfield's dissent in Strunk v. Strunk, 445 S.W.2d 145 marks
the first time a judge has ever suggested that the Nuremberg Code be applied
in American court cases (Sharav).
(1970)
Under order from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which also
sponsored the Tuskegee Experiment, the free childcare program at Johns
Hopkins University collects blood samples from 7,000 African-American youth,
telling their parents that they are checking for anemia but actually
checking for an extra Y chromosome (XYY), believed to be a biological
predisposition to crime. The program director, Digamber Borganokar, does
this experiment without Johns Hopkins University's permission (Greger,
Merritte, et al.).
(1971)
Stanford University conducts the Stanford Prison Experiment on a group of
college students in order to learn the psychology of prison life. Some
students are given the role as prison guards, while the others are given the
role of prisoners. After only six days, the proposed two-week study has to
end because of its psychological effects on the participants. The "guards"
had begun to act sadistic, while the "prisoners" started to show signs of
depression and severe psychological stress (University of New Hampshire).
An article entitled "Viral Infections in Man Associated with Acquired
Immunological Deficiency States" appears in Federation Proceedings. Dr.
MacArthur and Fort Detrick's Special Operations Division have, at this
point, been conducting mycoplasma research to create a synthetic
immunosuppressive agent for about one year, again suggesting that this
research may have produced HIV (Goliszek).
(1973)
An Ad Hoc Advisory Panel issues its Final Report on the Tuskegee Syphilis
Study, writing, "Society can no longer afford to leave the balancing of
individual rights against scientific progress to the scientific community"
(Sharav).
(1977)
The National Urban League holds its National Conference on Human
Experimentation, stating, "We don't want to kill science but we don't want
science to kill, mangle and abuse us" (Sharav).
(1978)
The CDC begins experimental hepatitis B vaccine trials in New York. Its
ads for research subjects specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men.
Professor Wolf Szmuness of the Columbia University School of Public Health
had made the vaccine's infective serum from the pooled blood serum of
hepatitis-infected homosexuals and then developed it in chimpanzees, the
only animal susceptible to hepatitis B, leading to the theory that HIV
originated in chimpanzees before being transferred over to humans via this
vaccine. A few months after 1,083 homosexual men receive the vaccine, New
York physicians begin noticing cases of Kaposi's sarcoma, Mycoplasma
penetrans and a new strain of herpes virus among New York's homosexual
community -- diseases not usually seen among young, American men, but that
would later be known as common opportunistic diseases associated with AIDS
(Goliszek).
(1980)
According to blood samples tested years later for HIV, 20 percent of all
New York homosexual men who participated in the 1978 hepatitis B vaccine
experiment are HIV-positive by this point (Goliszek).
The first AIDS case appears in San Francisco (Goliszek).
(1981)
The CDC acknowledges that a disease known as AIDS exists and confirms 26
cases of the disease -- all in previously healthy homosexuals living in New
York, San Francisco and Los Angeles -- again supporting the speculation that
AIDS originated from the hepatitis B experiments from 1978 and 1980
(Goliszek).
(1982)
Thirty percent of the test subjects used in the CDC's hepatitis B vaccine
experiment are HIV-positive by this point (Goliszek).
(1985)
A former U.S. Army sergeant tries to sue the Army for using drugs on him
in without his consent or even his knowledge in United States v. Stanley,
483 U.S. 669. Justice Antonin Scalia writes the decision, clearing the U.S.
military from any liability in past, present or future medical experiments
without informed consent (Merritte, et al..
(1987)
Philadelphia resident Doris Jackson discovers that researchers have
removed her son's brain post mortem for medical study. She later learns that
the state of Pennsylvania has a doctrine of "implied consent," meaning that
unless a patient signs a document stating otherwise, consent for organ
removal is automatically implied (Merritte, et al.).
(1988 - 2001)
The New York City Administration for Children's Services
begins allowing foster care children living in about two dozen children's
homes to be used in National Institutes of Health-sponsored (NIH)
experimental AIDS drug trials. These children -- totaling 465 by the
program's end -- experience serious side effects, including inability to
walk, diarrhea, vomiting, swollen joints and cramps. Children's home
employees are unaware that they are giving the HIV-infected children
experimental drugs, rather than standard AIDS treatments (New York City ACS,
Doran).
(1990)
> The United States sends 1.7 million members of the armed forces, 22
percent of whom are African-American, to the Persian Gulf for the Gulf War
("Desert Storm"). More than 400,000 of these soldiers are ordered to take an
experimental nerve agent medication called pyridostigmine, which is later
believed to be the cause of Gulf War Syndrome -- symptoms ranging from skin
disorders, neurological disorders, incontinence, uncontrollable drooling and
vision problems -- affecting Gulf War veterans (Goliszek; Merritte, et al.).
The CDC and Kaiser Pharmaceuticals of Southern California inject 1,500
six-month-old black and Hispanic babies in Los Angeles with an
"experimental" measles vaccine that had never been licensed for use in the
United States. Adding to the risk, children less than a year old may not
have an adequate amount of myelin around their nerves, possibly resulting in
impaired neural development because of the vaccine. The CDC later admits
that parents were never informed that the vaccine being injected into their
children was experimental (Goliszek).
The FDA allows the U.S. Department of Defense to waive the Nuremberg Code
and use unapproved drugs and vaccines in Operation Desert Shield (Sharav).
(1992)
Columbia University's New York State Psychiatric Institute and the Mount
Sinai School of Medicine give 100 males -- mostly African-American and
Hispanic, all between the ages of six and 10 and all the younger brothers of
juvenile delinquents -- 10 milligrams of fenfluramine (fen-fen) per kilogram
of body weight in order to test the theory that low serotonin levels are
linked to violent or aggressive behavior. Parents of the participants
received $125 each, including a $25 Toys 'R' Us gift certificate (Goliszek).
(1994)
President Clinton appoints the Advisory Commission on Human Radiation
Experiments (ACHRE), which finally reveals the horrific experiments
conducted during the Cold War era in its ACHRE Report.
(1995)
A 19-year-old University of Rochester student named Nicole Wan dies from
participating in an MIT-sponsored experiment that tests airborne pollutant
chemicals on humans. The experiment pays $150 to human test subjects
(Sharav).
In the Mar. 15 President's Advisory Committee on Human Radiation
Experiments (ACHRE), former human subjects, including those who were used in
experiments as children, give sworn testimonies stating that they were
subjected to radiation experiments and/or brainwashed, hypnotized, drugged,
psychologically tortured, threatened and even raped during CIA experiments.
These sworn statements include:
a.. Christina DeNicola's statement that, in Tucson, Ariz., from 1966 to
1976, "Dr. B" performed mind control experiments using drugs, post-hypnotic
injection and drama, and irradiation experiments on her neck, throat, chest
and uterus. She was only four years old when the experiments started.
b.. Claudia Mullen's testimony that Dr. Sidney Gottlieb (of MKULTRA
fame) used chemicals, radiation, hypnosis, drugs, isolation in tubs of
water, sleep deprivation, electric shock, brainwashing and emotional, sexual
and verbal abuse as part of mind control experiments that had the ultimate
objective of turning her, who was only a child at the time, into the
"perfect spy." She tells the advisory committee that researchers justified
this abuse by telling her that she was serving her country "in their bold
effort to fight Communism."
c.. Suzanne Starr's statement that "a physician, who was retired from
the military, got children from the mountains of Colorado for experiments."
She says she was one of those children and that she was the victim of
experiments involving environmental deprivation to the point of forced
psychosis, spin programming, injections, rape and frequent electroshock and
mind control sessions. "I have fought self-destructive programmed messages
to kill myself, and I know what a programmed message is, and I don't act on
them," she tells the advisory committee of the experiments' long-lasting
effects, even in her adulthood (Goliszek).
President Clinton publicly apologizes to the thousands of people who were
victims of MKULTRA and other mind-control experimental programs (Sharav).
President Clinton appoints the National Bioethics Advisory Committee
(Sharav).
Justice Edward Greenfield of the New York State Supreme Court rules that
parents do not have the right to volunteer their mentally incapacitated
children for non-therapeutic medical research studies and that no mentally
incapacitated person whatsoever can be used in a medical experiment without
informed consent (Sharav).
(1996)
Professor Adil E. Shamoo of the University of Maryland and the
organization Citizens for Responsible Care and Research sends a written
testimony on the unethical use of veterans in medical research to the U.S.
Senate's Committee on Governmental Affairs, stating: "This type of research
is on-going nationwide in medical centers and VA hospitals supported by tens
of millions of dollars of taxpayers money. These experiments are high risk
and are abusive, causing not only physical and psychic harm to the most
vulnerable groups but also degrading our society's system of basic human
values. Probably tens of thousands of patients are being subjected to such
experiments" ("Testimony of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
The Department of Defense admits that Gulf War soldiers were exposed to
chemical agents; however, 33 percent of all military personnel afflicted
with Gulf War Syndrome never left the United States during the war,
discrediting the popular mainstream belief that these symptoms are a result
of exposure to Iraqi chemical weapons (Merritte, et al.).
President Clinton issues a formal apology to the subjects of the Tuskegee
Syphilis Study and their families (Sharav).
(1997)
In an experiment sponsored by the U.S. government, researchers withhold
medical treatment from HIV-positive African-American pregnant women, giving
them a placebo rather than AIDS medication (Sharav).
On Sept. 18, victims of unethical medical experiments at major U.S.
research centers, including the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH)
testify before the National Bioethics Advisory Committee (Sharav).
(1999)
Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D. testifies on "The Unethical Use of Human Beings in
High-Risk Research Experiments" before the U.S. House of Representatives'
House Committee on Veterans' Affairs, alerting the House on the use of
American veterans in VA Hospitals as human guinea pigs and calling for
national reforms ("Testimony of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
Doctors at the University of Pennsylvania inject 18-year-old Jesse
Gelsinger with an experimental gene therapy as part of an FDA-approved
clinical trial. He dies four days later and his father suspects that he was
not fully informed of the experiment's risk (Goliszek)
During a clinical trial investigating the effectiveness of Propulsid for
infant acid reflux, nine-month-old Gage Stevens dies at Children's Hospital
in Pittsburgh (Sharav).
(2000)
The U.S. Air Force and rocket maker Lockheed Martin sponsor a Loma Linda
University study that pays 100 Californians $1,000 to eat a dose of
perchlorate -- a toxic component of rocket fuel that causes cancer, damages
the thyroid gland and hinders normal development in children and fetuses --
every day for six months. The dose eaten by the test subjects is 83 times
the safe dose of perchlorate set by the State of California, which has
perchlorate in some of its drinking water. This Loma Linda study is the
first large-scale study to use human subjects to test the harmful effects of
a water pollutant and is "inherently unethical," according to Environmental
Working Group research director Richard Wiles (Goliszek, Envirnomental
Working Group).
(2001)
On its website, the FDA admits that its policy to include healthy children
in human experiments "has led to an increasing number of proposals for
studies of safety and pharmacokinetics, including those in children who do
not have the condition for which the drug is intended" (Goliszek).
In Higgins and Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger Institute The Maryland Court of
Appeals makes a landmark decision regarding the use of children as test
subjects, prohibiting non-therapeutic experimentation on children on the
basis of "best interest of the individual child" (Sharav).
(2002)
President George W. Bush signs the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act
(BPCA), offering pharmaceutical companies six-month exclusivity in exchange
for running clinical drug trials on children. This will of course increase
the number of children used as human test subjects (Hammer Breslow).
(2003)
Two-year-old Michael Daddio of Delaware dies of congestive heart failure.
After his death, his parents learn that doctors had performed an
experimental surgery on him when he was five months old, rather than using
the established surgical method of repairing his congenital heart defect
that the parents had been told would be performed. The established procedure
has a 90- to 95-percent success rate, whereas the inventor of the procedure
performed on baby Daddio would later be fired from his hospital in 2004
(Willen and Evans, "Parents of Babies Who Died in Delaware Tests Weren't
Warned").
(2004)
In his BBC documentary "Guinea Pig Kids" and BBC News article of the same
name, reporter Jamie Doran reveals that children involved in the New York
City foster care system were unwitting human subjects in experimental AIDS
drug trials from 1988 to, in his belief, present times (Doran).
(2005)
In response to the BBC documentary and article "Guinea Pig Kids", the New
York City Administration of Children's Services (ACS) sends out an Apr. 22
press release admitting that foster care children were used in experimental
AIDS drug trials, but says that the last trial took place in 2001 and thus
the trials are not continuing, as BBC reporter Jamie Doran claims. The ACS
gives the extent and statistics of the experimental drug trials, based on
its own records, and contracts the Vera Institute of Justice to conduct "an
independent review of ACS policy and practice regarding the enrollment of
HIV-positive children in foster care in clinical drug trials during the late
1980s and 1990s" (New York City ACS).
Bloomberg releases a series of reports suggesting that SFBC, the largest
experimental drug testing center of its time, exploits immigrant and other
low-income test subjects and runs tests with limited credibility due to
violations of both the FDA's and SFBC's own testing guidelines (Bloomberg).
In October 2005, the American Chemistry Council gave the EPA $2.1 million
to study how children ranging from infancy to three years old ingest, inhale
or absorb chemicals. Like IG Farben was for the German pharmaceutical
companies of Nazi Germany, the American Chemistry Council acts much like a
front group for chemical industry bigwigs like Bayer (which was incidentally
also a member of IG Farben), BP, Chevron, Dow, DuPont, Exxon, Honeywell, 3M,
Monsanto and Procter & Gamble. Studies have already proven that the
chemicals made by these companies have long-term effects on children and
adults. A short, two-year study like CHEERS would of course fail to reveal
these long-term effects and the American Chemistry Council could then
publicize these findings as "proof" that its chemicals were safe.
(2006 - 2007)
Merck begins pushing U.S. states to mandate the vaccination of teenage
girls with Gardasil, a vaccine they claim prevents HPV, a
sexually-transmitted virus. In February 2007, Texas Gov. Rick Perry -- who
was revealed to have financial ties with Merck, the vaccine manufacturer --
mandates the vaccine in teenage girls (see
http://www.NaturalNews.com/021572.html ). A key Merck lobbyist named Mike
Toomey, it turned out, had served as Gov. Rick Perry's chief of staff.
The Texas decision to mandate the vaccine was a notable and troubling
milestone in public health policy because it is the first time a vaccine is
mandated for a disease that cannot be contracted through casual contact in
public schools. It also invoked "gunpoint medicine," or the threat of arrest
at gunpoint for not agreeing to receive state-mandated injections.
The Gardasil vaccinations remain a grand medical experiment being
performed on children because it is not yet known what the long-term side
effects of the vaccination will be, nor whether the vaccinations will
actually lower rates of cervical cancer as intended.
(2007)
Maryland's governor and public health officials, fed up with the
unwillingness of over 2,000 parents to have their children vaccinated,
invoke gunpoint medicine yet again by threatening the parents with arrest
and up to 30 days of imprisonment if they don't submit their children to
state-mandated vaccinations. The children and parents are later rounded up
at a county courthouse, guarded by attack dogs and security personnel, while
a district Judge oversees the mass injection of schoolchildren with vaccines
that contain toxic mercury. (See
http://www.NaturalNews.com/022242.html )
(Present day)
New Jersey mandates the mass vaccination of all children with
four different vaccines, stripping away the health freedoms of parents and
unleashing a mass medical experiment that exploits the bodies of children
and enriches pharmaceutical companies while criminalizing parents who refuse
to participate.
Works Cited
Alliance for Human Research Protection. "'Monster Experiment' Taught
Orphans to Stutter.". June 11, 2001.
Barker, Allen. "The Cold War Experiments." Mind Control.
Berdon, Victoria. "Codes of Medical and Human Experimentation Ethics." The
Least of My Brothers.
Brinker, Wendy. "James Marion Sims: Father Butcher." Seed Show.
Burton Report. "Human Experimentation, Plutonium and Col. Stafford
Warren."
Cockburn, Alexander and Jeffrey St. Clair, eds. "Germ War: The U.S.
Record." Counter Punch.
"Donald Ewan [sic] Cameron." Wikipedia.
Doran, Jamie. "Guinea Pig Kids." BBC News. 30 Nov. 2004.
Drug Development-Technology.com. "SFBC."
Elliston, Jon. "MKULTRA: CIA Mind Control." Dossier: Paranormal
Government.
Environmental Working Group. "U.S.: Lockheed Martin's Tests on Humans."
CorpWatch.
Global Security. Chemical Corps. 2005.
Goliszek, Andrew. In the Name of Science. New York: St. Martin's, 2003.
Greger, Michael, M.D. Heart Failure: Diary of a Third Year Medical
Student.
Griffiths, Joel and Chris Bryson. "Toxic Secrets: Fluoride and the Atom
Bomb." Nexus Magazine 5:3. Apr. - May 1998.
Hammer Breslow, Lauren. "The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act of
2002: The Rise of the Voluntary Incentive Structure and Congressional
Refusal to Require Pediatric Testing." Harvard Journal of Legislation Vol.
40.
"Human Experimentation: Before the Nazi Era and After." Micah Books.
Kaye, Jonathan. "Retin-A's Wrinkled Past." Mind Control. Orig. pub. Penn
History Review Spring 1997.
"Manhattan Project: Oak Ridge." World Socialist Web Site. Oct. 18, 2002.
Meiklejohn, Gordon N., M.D. "Commission on Influenza." Histories of the
Commissions. Ed. Theodore E. Woodward, M.D. The Armed Forced Epidemiological
Board. 1994.
Merritte, LaTasha, et al.. "The Banality of Evil: Human Medical
Experimentation in the United States." The Public Law Online Journal. Spring
1999.
Milgram, Stanley. "Milgram Experiment." Wikipedia. 2006.
New York City Administration of Children's Services. Press release. 22
Apr. 2005.
"Operation Plumbbob." Wikipedia. 2005.
"Operation Whitecoat." Religion and Ethics (Episode no. 708). Oct. 24,
2003..
Organic Consumers Association. "EPA and Chemical Industry to Study the
Effects of Known Toxic Chemicals on Children". 12 Apr. 2005.
Pacchioli, David. Subjected to Science. Mar. 1996.
"Placebo Effect." Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. 2006.
"Project Paperclip." Wikipedia'
target='_blank'>">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Pa.... 2005.
"Reviews and Notes: History of Medicine: Subjected to Science: Human
Experimentation in America before the Second World War." Annals of Internal
Medicine 123:2. July 15, 1995.
Sharav, Vera Hassner. "Human Experiments: A Chronology of Human Rsearch."
Alliance for Human Research Protection.
Sauter, Daniel. Guide to MS 83 [Planned Parenthood of San Antonio and
South Central Texas Records, 1931 - 1999]. University of Texas Library. Apr.
2001.
"Testimony of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D." News from the Joint Hearing on
Suspension of Medical Research at West Los Angeles and Sepulveda VA Medical
Facilities and Informed Consent and Patient Safety in VA Medical Research.
21 Apr.. 1999.
University of New Hampshire. "Chronology of Cases Involving Unethical
Treatment of Human Subjects." Responsible Conduct of Research.
University of Virginia Health System Health Sciences Library. "Bad Blood:
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study." 2004.
U.S. Department of Energy. "Chapter 8: Postwar TBI-Effects
Experimentation: Continued Reliance on Sick Patients in Place of Healthy
"Normals." Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE) Final
Report.
Veterans Health Administration. Project 112/Project SHAD. May 26, 2005.
Willen, Liz and David Evans. "Doctor Who Died in Drug Test Was Betrayed by
System He Trusted." Bloomberg. Nov. 2, 2005.
"Parents of Babies Who Died in Delaware Tests Weren't Warned."
Bloomberg. Nov. 2, 2005.
RelatedShocking Immunization Graphs Reveal The Lie: Natural Infectious Disease Declines Before VaccinesWhat Vaccines are Doing to Your Body - A MUST-WATCH VideoDo Vaccines Cause Cancer?Mystery Babylon Series, by William CooperJet Turbofan Engine Fuel Flow Rates are Much Too Low To Create Condensation TrailsHigh-Bypass Turbofans DO NOT Produce Contrails. So What Are Those Lines in the Sky?How The World Really Works 2: The Final Countdown: Interview with the maker of the above video.The Great Contrail ConPlumes Change OvernightCouncil on Foreign Relations Says Millions Spent To Confuse the Public About GeoengineeringCOINTELPRO: Keeping Americans in the DarkForum About DisinformationChemtrails in Kid's Library Books
Circle-of-Life Forums - Welcome
